Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essays - 793 Words

What is the greenhouse effect? It is the behavior of solar radiation when it interacts with gasses in the Earths atmosphere. The Sun gives off a wide spectrum of energy which we classify according to its wavelength. Among the types of energy given off by the sun are ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths. UV is short wavelength high-energy radiation, visible is mid-wavelength, mid-energy radiation, and IR is long wavelength low-energy radiation. The atmosphere is mostly transparent to UV and visible light, but some components of the atmosphere absorb IR energy on its way in toward the Earths surface, warming the atmopsphere slightly. When the suns energy reaches the surface†¦show more content†¦A balance between energy coming in from the sun in the form of visible radiation (sunlight) and energy constantly being emitted from the surface of the earth to space determines the temperature of the earth. The energy coming in from the sun can pass through the atmos phere almost unchanged and warm the earth, but the infrared radiation emanating from the earths surface is partly absorbed by some gases in the atmosphere and some of it is re-emitted downwards. This further warms the surface of the earth and the lower atmosphere. The gases that do this naturally are mainly water vapour and carbon dioxide. An analogy is made with the effect of a greenhouse, which allows sunshine to penetrate the glass that in turn keeps the heat in, hence the greenhouse effect. Without this natural greenhouse effect, the earth would be over 30 °C cooler and would be too cold to be habitable. But as greenhouse gas concentrations rise well above their natural levels, the additional warming that will take place could threaten the future sustainability of the planet. The extent to which changes in temperature over the last 100 years are due to human activities has been studied by looking at patterns of change across the surface of the earth, and vertically through the depth of the atmosphere and the ocean. Climate models predict aShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Greenhouse Effect1588 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is the increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth due to the effect of the buildup of greenhouse gases, due to deforestation and burning fossil fuels which causes the heat to be trapped that would otherwise escape from the earth. To understand global warming, you need to understand the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is actually essential for life on earth to exist as it allows the planet to remain warm enough to sustain life. For example if we consider forRead MoreThe Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that are talked about by geologists all the time. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures that are livable. Energy from the sun warms the earth when its heat rays are absorbed by greenhouse gasses and become trapped in the atmosphere. Some of the most common greenhouse gasses are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no greenhouse gasses, very few rays would be absorbed and the earthRead MoreGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect1974 Words   |  8 PagesThe Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Recently, global warming has moved to a serious scientific issue. Because sunlight is constantly falling on the earth, the law of physics say that the planet has to radiate the same amount of energy back into space. Infrared radiation is sent out by the earth through the atmosphere, where molecules (carbon dioxide) hold outgoing radiation for a while, warming the surface.1 The molecules are kind of like glass in a greenhouse which is why this processRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Greenhouse Effect1917 Words   |  8 PagesThe Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the result of the interaction of the atmosphere of a world and the radiation emitted from the Sun and planet. This process essentially makes a world warmer that it would be. As we will learn in this chapter there are many factors that determine the strength of a world’s greenhouse effect including a world’s size, the world’s distance from the Sun and the strength of a world’s magnetic field. Before you can learn about the factors that influence the greenhouseRead MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect1912 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, global warming has moved to a serious scientific issue. Because sunlight is constantly falling on the earth, the law of physics say that the planet has to radiate the same amount of energy back into space. Infrared radiation is sent out by the earth through the atmosphere, where molecules (carbon dioxide) hold outgoing radiation for a while, warming the surface.1 The molecules are kind of like glass in a greenhouse which is why this processRead MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect 1500 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming is due to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earths surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by being able to absorb longwave radiation from the Earths surface. Without the greenhouse effect, life on this planet would probably not exist as the averageRead More Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect, in environmental science, is a popular term for the effect that certain variable constituents of the Earths lower atmosphere have on surface temperatures. It has been known since 1896 that Earth has been warmed by a blanket of gasses (This is called the greenhouse effect.). The gases--water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)--keep ground temperatures at a global average of about 15 degrees C (60 degrees F). WithoutRead MoreEssay on The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe greenhouse effect is an important phenomenon and is currently holding national and international attention. Why is there an interest in the effect? Why are people willing to invest so much time and effort investigating its consequences and willing to suffer by them? What is the basis for believing the effect is real? The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process, which is initiated by the sun. It is a result of the fact that there are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere which containRead MoreThe Effects Of Greenhouse Gases On Global Warming Essay3424 Words   |  14 Pages Diagram A is a visual representation of the greenhouse effect and the role greenhouse gases play in this greenhouse effect. How do greenhouse gases in the atmosphere affect global warming? Many of the greenhouse gases in the troposphere are naturally produced, which is why the Earth is able to stay at a constant average global temperature. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in which is affecting global warming, not because of naturally produced carbon dioxide, but mainly because of manRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Human Expansion Of The Greenhouse Effect998 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolves around global warming and the human expansion of the greenhouse effect, as pictured below. Ordinarily, the sun’s radiation passes through the atmosphere, is absorbed by the Earth and then is re-radiated back into space as infra-red waves. However, due to human activities, the concentrations of greenhouse gases increase meaning that more of the heat radiating away from the Earth’s surface is trapped in the atmosphere and is re-emitted back to the Earth’s surface, thus further warming the planet

James Moloney Gracy Free Essays

Gracey is the second in James Moloney’s contemporary trilogy that deals with a range of issues facing Aboriginal society. In this text, Gracey finds herself confused about her identity, caught between the worlds of her Aboriginal background and the Anglo-Saxon environment of her exclusive boarding school. Gracey’s family has recently relocated to the outback town of Cunningham, however she feels estranged from the community. We will write a custom essay sample on James Moloney Gracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gracey’s school friend, Angela, has come to visit and seems intrigued by Cunningham, however Gracey is impatient and embarrassed by her home. Intolerant of younger brother Dougy and the prospect of becoming yet another single Aboriginal mother in Cunningham, she is eager to return to Brisbane. Gracey lives and acts ‘white’. Dougy meanwhile uncovers a mass grave of aboriginal bones in the small town, prompting an outrage by the local black community. They wish to reclaim the land and demand answers surrounding the death of these men. Gracey too becomes enthralled by the mystery, researching mass killings of Aborigines. She is shocked by her discoveries but becomes impassioned for the first time about her people and her heritage. When Gracey’s mother dies, she returns home to Cunningham and assumes the matriarchal role, taking care of her two brothers. Raymond, her older alcoholic brother, drinks all of his social security money, leaving the family penniless. He is aggressive and lost. Dougy has also become more apathetic, spending much of his time roaming the town foraging through rubbish. As a result of the discovery of the mass grave, the Aborigines in Cunningham participate in a protest march which results in Raymond and Dougy being thrown into the watch house overnight. This is Dougy’s first brush with the law, however Raymond has spent many nights in the town jail. Despondent and depressed about his future, Raymond hangs himself in his cell. How to cite James Moloney Gracy, Essay examples

Development of Self as a Nurse and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Development of Self as a Nurse and Practice. Answer: Introduction In order to maintain the quality of the nursing practices, the nurses of different healthcare institutions need to follow the code of ethics. The code of nursing ethics seems to importance for indicating the nurses about necessary decisions and actions with which they can handle a critical situation (Zahedi et al. 2013). These ethics indicates the nurses to handle their every patient equally and properly, regardless to the gender, class and type of the diseases. In this assignment, the ethical duties of the nurses have been described, depending upon the case study of Mr. Jones that helps to understand the self-development of a patient. Analysis From the case study of Mr. Jones, I have been observed that the patient is a patient of unmanaged diabetes and also has a tendency of alcoholism which has increased after the death of his wife after a long conjugal life. It affects him psychology in such a way that he again starts taking alcohol and ultimately is taken to the hospital with acute abdominal pain with vomiting tendency. The medication procedure of Mr. Jones is basically dependent upon pain relieving medicines, especially Morphine with a limited dose. The assigned nurse of Mr. Jones tries to give relieve to her patient by increasing the dose of Morphine after treating him in other occasions. In order to increase the dose, the nurse indulges in verbal argument with the physician who is concerned with the side effects of the dose of Morphine on the body of Mr. Jones as he is an aged man of fifty nine. According to me, the nurse was trying to decrease the level of pain of her patient, as per the ethics of nurses for which she approached the physician to increase the dose. Ethically there is no fault in the behaviour of the nurse, because she fights for the providing advanced care to her patient, which tends to create an authentic bond between the patient and the nurse. According to Douglas et al. (2014), the four major steps of caring in the nursing profession includes showing concern about care, taking care about something, giving proper care and receive the care. On the contrary, from the viewpoint of Kangasniemi, Pakkanen and Korhonen (2015), the four important care providing measures includes sense of responsibility, attentiveness towards the needs of the patient, sense of competency and the responses of the care receiver. The nurse in this case, fulfills these four factors by being responsible and attentive towards the need of Mr. Jones who feels massive abdominal pain. I thin k, this nurse do have the sense of competence towards the professional responsibility as a nurse which I also need to possess if I want to improve my career as a nurse. Like the nurse, I also need to be attentive towards the needs of my assigned patient along with doing the required actions in order to provide the patient physical relief. The conflicts between the professional nurses with the physicians are very common in the healthcare sector. However, if the nurse tries to implement her own idea and understanding in the medication procedure of the patient by going against the opinion of the doctor, she needs to be assured about the impact of her decision on the health of the patient because she cannot be the responsible one for the death of the patient. However, in my opinion, Mr. Jones specially needs mental assistance from a lovable person on whom he can trust and who can give him proper support and care. If I was the assigned nurse for Mr. Jones, I would have rely on the counseling sessions which can drive away the loneliness of the patient to some extent which can also turn his attention away from his physical ailment. Conclusion In this way, the self development of the nurse who learns from the case study of Mr. Jones has been illustrated vividly. By analyzing the case study, the nurse has learnt that the health security of the patient seems to be the first most things which the medical professionals need to consider. The nurses do have the right to take quick decisions in accordance with the importance of the situation but before that they need to assure the measure from their superiors because if it cause harm to the health of the patient, the nurse will be the responsible one. Therefore, it is important to perform the professional responsibilities with dignity and guidance from the superiors at the workplace. References Douglas, M.K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D.F., Callister, L.C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., Milstead, J., Nardi, D. and Purnell, L., 2014. Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,25(2), pp.109-121 Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P. and Korhonen, A., 2015. Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review.Journal of advanced nursing,71(8), pp.1744-1757 Zahedi, F., Sanjari, M., Aala, M., Peymani, M., Aramesh, K., Parsapour, A., Maddah, S.B., Cheraghi, M.A., Mirzabeigi, G.H., Larijani, B. and Dastgerdi, M.V., 2013. The code of ethics for nurses.Iranian journal of public health,42(1), p.1

Pink Floyd The First Band In Outer Space Essays -

Pink Floyd: The First Band In Outer Space For many people, the group Pink Floyd is considered as un-popular, aged, and without any sense in today's modern society. It's so unfortunate that true rock and roll music is being left behind for the new head-splitting garbage that infests the airwaves today. The newest generation is unaware of the history behind all the music they listen to now. Where did it all begin? Who first wandered into the realms of psychedelic music to create a style and a culture that would last for decades, and never be copied? The answer of course is Pink Floyd Pink Floyd was the first band in outer space. Since the mid-'60s, their music has relentlessly tinkered with electronics and all manner of special effects to push pop formats to their outer limits. At the same time they have wrestled with lyrical themes and concepts of such massive scale that their music has taken on almost classical, operatic quality, in both sound and words. While Pink Floyd is mostly known for their extravagant concept albums of the 1970s, they started as a very different sort of psychedelic band. Soon after they first began playing together in the mid-'60s, they fell firmly under the leadership of lead guitarist Syd Barrett, the gifted genius who would write and sing most of their early material. The Cambridge native shared the stage with Roger Waters (bass), Rick Wright (keyboards), and Nick Mason (drums). The name Pink Floyd, seemingly so far-out, was actually derived from the first names of two ancient bluesmen (Pink Anderson and Floyd Council). And at first, Pink Floyd were a much more conventional act that the act into which they would evolve, concentrating on the rock and R&B material that were so common to the repertoires of mid-'60s British bands. Pink Floyd quickly began to experiment, however, stretching out songs with wild instrumental freak-out passages incorporating feedback, electronic screeches, and unusual, eerie sounds created by loud amplification, reverb, and such tricks as sliding ball bearings up and down guitar strings. In 1966, they began to pick up a following in the London underground; onstage, they began to incorporate light shows to add to the psychedelic effect. Most importantly, Syd Barrett began to compose pop-psychedelic gems that combined unusual psychedelic arrangements with catchy melodies and incisive lyrics that viewed the world with a sense of poetic, child-like wonder. The group landed a recording contract with EMI in early 1967 and made the Top 20 with a brilliant debut single, Arnold Layne, a sympathetic, comic song about a transvestite. The follow-up, the kaleidoscopic See Emily Play, made the Top Ten. Their debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, also released in 1967, may have been the greatest British psychedelic album ever. Dominated almost wholly by Barrett's songs, the album was a charming funhouse of driving, mysterious rockers, odd character sketches, childhood flashbacks, and freaky pieces with lengthy instrumental passages that mapped out their fascination with space travel. The record was not only like no other at the time; it was like no other that Pink Floyd would make, colored as it was by a vision that was far more humorous, pop-friendly, and light-hearted than those of their subsequent epics. The reason Pink Floyd never made a similar album was that Piper was the only one to be recorded under Barrett's leadership. Around mid-1967, the prodigy began showing increasingly alarm signs of mental instability. Syd would go catatonic onstage; playing music that had little to do with the material, or not playing at all. An American tour had to be cut short when he was barely able to function at all, let alone play the pop star game. Dependent upon Barrett for most of their vision and material, the rest of the group was finding him impossible to work with, in concert or in the studio. Around the beginning of 1968, guitarist Dave Gilmour, a friend of the band who was also from Cambridge, was brought in as a fifth member. The idea was that Gilmour would enable the Floyd to continue as a live outfit; Barrett would still be able to write and contribute to the records. That couldn't work

Essay on Solubility and Nr

Essay on Solubility and Nr Essay on Solubility and Nr Malarie Martin CHEM 115 General Chemistry Group 4 Experiment 8: Ionic Reactions Purpose: In this lab we will study the nature of ionic solutions while observing their reactions. We will then write balanced equations to include the net ionic equations for the precipitation reactions observed. Procedure: 1. Place a piece of black and white paper behind each well plate in order to observe the reactions with each combination. Record any reactions observed. 2. In the 96 well plate place 2 drops of cobalt nitrate into 7 of the wells marked A. 3. Place 2 drops of copper nitrate into 7 of the wells in the row marked B. 4. Place 2 drops of iron nitrate into 7 of the wells in the row marked C. 5. Place 2 drops of barium nitrate into 7 of the wells in the row marked D. 6. Place 2 drops of nickel nitrate into 7 of the wells in the row marked E. 7. Then place 2 drops of sodium phosphate into 5 of the vertical wells in the column marked 1. 8. Then place 2 drops of sodium iodide into 5 of the vertical wells in the column marked 2. 9. Then place 2 drops of sodium sulfate into 5 of the vertical wells in the column marked 3. 10. Then place 2 drops of sodium chloride into 5 of the vertical wells in the column marked 4. 11. Then place 2 drops of sodium bicarbonate into 5 of the vertical wells in the column marked 5. 12. Then place 2 drops of sodium carbonate into 5 of the wells in the column marked 6. 13. Then place 2 drops of sodium hydroxide into 5 of the wells in the column marked 7. 14. Record color change, precipitate, and/or bubble that are observed into table format. 15. Do not place the pipet directly into any of the solutions when adding the chemicals to the well plate. 16. Avoid contact with skin and clothes and clean up supplies and area thoroughly. Results: 1 (Sodium Phosphate) 2 (Sodium Iodide) 3 (Sodium Sulfate) 4 (Sodium Chloride) 5 (Sodium Bicarbonate) 6 (Sodium Carbonate) 7( Sodium Hydroxide) A (Cobalt Nitrate) Rxn purple NR NR NR Rxn Darker Rxn Rxn turquoise B (Copper Nitrate) Light blue Rxn Dark Yellow NR NR Rxn Rxn Rxn C (Iron Nitrate) Rxn Cloudy Yellow NR NR Dark Yellow Dark Yellow Light Yellow D (Barium Nitrate) Rxn Cloudy NR White NR Rxn Rxn Dark Yellow E (Nickle Nitrate) Rxn NR NR NR Rxn Rxn Rxn NR: No precipitate forms Rxn: Precipitate is formed Cations used: Ni2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, NO3-, Co2+, Fe3+, Anions used: NO3-, PO43-, I-, SO42-, Cl-, 2CO32-, CO32-, OH- Discussion: A - Compare your results with the

Biography of Chandragupta Maurya, Indian Emperor

Biography of Chandragupta Maurya, Indian Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–c. 297 BCE) was an Indian emperor who founded the Maurya Empire, which rapidly expanded across much of India into modern-day Pakistan. Maurya did battle with Alexander the Great, who invaded the Indian kingdom in 326 BCE, and prevented the Macedonian king from conquering the far side of the Ganges. Maurya went on to unite almost all of what is now India and defeat Alexanders successors. Fast Facts: Chandragupta Maurya Known For: Maurya united ancient India under the Maurya Empire in 322 BCE.Born: c. 340 BCEDied: 297 BCE in Shravanabelagola, Maurya EmpireSpouse: DurdharaChildren: Bindusara Early Life Chandragupta Maurya was reportedly born in Patna (in the modern-day Bihar state of India) sometime around 340 BCE. Scholars are uncertain of some details about his life. For example, some texts claim that both of Chandragupta’s parents were of the Kshatriya (warrior or prince) caste, while others state that his father was a king and his mother a maid from the lowly Shudra (servant) caste. It seems likely that Maurys father was Prince Sarvarthasiddhi of the Nanda Kingdom.  Chandragupta’s grandson, Ashoka the Great, later claimed a blood relationship to Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, but this claim is unsubstantiated. We know almost nothing about Chandragupta Maurya’s childhood and youth before he took on the Nanda Empire, which supports the hypothesis that he was of humble origin- no records about him exist until he founded the Maurya Empire. Maurya Empire Chandragupta was brave and charismatic- a born leader. The young man came to the attention of a famous Brahmin scholar, Chanakya, who bore a grudge against the Nanda. Chanakya began to groom Chandragupta to conquer and rule in the place of the Nanda emperor by teaching him tactics through different Hindu sutras and helping him raise an army. Chandragupta allied himself to the king of a mountain kingdom- perhaps the same Puru who had been defeated but spared by Alexander- and set out to conquer the Nanda. Initially, the upstart’s army was rebuffed, but after a long series of battles Chandragupta’s forces laid siege to the Nanda capital at Pataliputra. In 321 BCE the capital fell, and 20-year-old Chandragupta Maurya started his own kingdom. It was named the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta’s new empire stretched from what is now Afghanistan  in the west to Myanmar (Burma) in the east, and from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to the Deccan Plateau in the south. Chanakya served as the equivalent of a prime minister in the fledgling government. When Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE, his generals divided up his empire into satrapies  so that each of them would have a territory to rule, but by about 316, Chandragupta Maurya was able to defeat and incorporate all of the satrapies in the mountains of Central Asia, extending his empire to the edge of what is now Iran, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Some sources allege that Chandragupta Maurya may have arranged for the assassination of two of the Macedonian satraps: Philip, son of Machatas, and Nicanor of Parthia. If so, it was a very precocious act even for Chandragupta- Philip was assassinated in 326  when the future ruler of the Maurya Empire was still an anonymous teenager. Conflicts With Southern India and Persia In 305 BCE, Chandragupta decided to expand his empire into eastern Persia. At the time, Persia was ruled by Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, and a former general under Alexander. Chandragupta seized a large area in eastern Persia. As part of the peace treaty that ended this war, Chandragupta gained control of that land as well as the hand of one of Seleucus’s daughters in marriage. In exchange, Seleucus received 500 war elephants, which he put to good use at the Battle of Ipsus in 301. With as much territory as he could comfortably rule to the north and west, Chandragupta Maurya next turned his attention to the south. With an army of 400,000 (according to Strabo) or 600,000 (according to Pliny the Elder), Chandragupta conquered all of the Indian subcontinent except for Kalinga (now Odisha) on the east coast and the Tamil kingdom at the southern tip of the landmass. By the end of his reign, Chandragupta Maurya had unified almost all of the Indian subcontinent. His grandson Ashoka would go on to add Kalinga and the Tamils to the empire. Family Life The only one of Chandragupta’s queens or consorts for whom we have a name is Durdhara, the mother of his first son Bindusara. However, it is believed that Chandragupta had many more consorts. According to legend, Prime Minister Chanakya was concerned that Chandragupta might be poisoned by his enemies, and therefore  started introducing small amounts of poison into the emperor’s food in order to build up a tolerance. Chandragupta was unaware of this plan and shared some of his food with his wife Durdhara when she was pregnant with their first son. Durdhara died, but Chanakya rushed in and performed an emergency operation to remove the full-term baby. The infant Bindusara survived, but a bit of his mother’s poisoned blood touched his forehead, leaving a blue bindu- the spot that inspired his name. Little is known about Chandragupta’s other wives and children. Chandraguptas son Bindusara is likely remembered more because of his son than for his own reign. He was the father of one of India’s greatest monarchs, Ashoka the Great. Death When he was in his 50s, Chandragupta became fascinated with Jainism, an extremely ascetic belief system. His guru was the Jain saint Bhadrabahu. In 298 BCE, the emperor renounced his rule, handing over power to his son Bindusara. He then  traveled south to a cave at Shravanabelogola, now in Karnataka. There, Chandragupta meditated without eating or drinking for five weeks until he died of starvation in a practice known as sallekhana or santhara. Legacy The dynasty that Chandragupta founded would rule over India and the southern part of Central Asia until 185 BCE. Chandraguptas grandson Ashoka would follow in his footsteps in several ways- conquering territory as a young man and then becoming devoutly religious as he aged. In fact, Ashokas reign in India may be the purest expression of Buddhism in any government in history. Today, Chandragupta is remembered as the unifier of India, like Qin Shihuangdi in China, but far less bloodthirsty. Despite a paucity of records, Chandragupta’s life story has inspired novels, movies such as 1958s â€Å"Samrat Chandragupt,† and even a 2011 Hindi-language TV series. Sources Goyal, S. R.  Chandragupta Maurya. Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1987.Singh, Vasundhra.  Maurya Empire. Rudra Publishers Distributors, 2017.

What Is So Important About Jerusalem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Is So Important About Jerusalem - Essay Example At the beginning of the twentieth century, British forces captured Jerusalem from the Turks. Following this capture, the British troops pledged that they would conserve all religious sites and places of worship in the holy city. In the same era, Chaim Weizmann, a Zionist purchased the area surrounding the wall in order to make it accessible to other Jews. This event shows that the Jews were willing and able to sacrifice their wealth in order to gain access to the western wall. Christianity: Church of the Holy Sepulchre is an ancient church in Old City of Jerusalem. The church is believed to be the site of Jesus’ burial and resurrection. The church has an extensive history that stretches all the way from the 4 century AD. Currently, the church serves as the control center for Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. The control of the church and adjacent land is under the control of several Christian churches around the world. The church is believed to be the center of key phenom enon and sites in the Christian faith that include Golgotha, the hill of Calvary, and the original cross of Jesus. The church is of immense significance to Christian of all ages. Being the main Christian establishment in the holy land, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is of interest to many world leaders. Moreover, the church was the target of crusaders who travelled from Europe to the holy land6. The church was an important symbol in ancient early civilization and it was destroyed and reconstructed many times. For example, the churchy was demolished by the Persians in 614 AD under the command Khosrau II. The church underwent numerous demolitions and reconstructions under various authorities. In the 7th century, the Persians invaded Jerusalem and removed the Cross-from Church of the Holy...Recent archeological evidence has revealed that the wall was not completed during Herod’s reign. The studies have revealed that constructions may have been completed at the end of the seven the century. The wall and the temple courtyard that it encloses have been a pilgrimage site for the Jews over the centuries. Since the establishment of the Zionist movement, the wall has been a major cause of conflict between Jews and Muslims3. Both the Muslims and the Jews claim right of ownership including the right to worship and pilgrimage to the wall and the temple. Indeed the wall is a fundamental aspect of the Jewish religion. According to the Jews, King Solomon constructed the western wall and it serves as the only remnant of the first temple. The Jews regard the wall as the only accessible spot of the holy land. The site is the closest to even ha-shetiya (the foundation stone) located in the temple mountain4. The foundation stone is regarded ans the holy of holies and no one is allowed to set foot upon it. The Jews used to pray by the walls during the time of tribulation and it is believed that God heard their prayers. Through the ages, Jews of all age gathered and prayed beside the western wall.Certainly, there are many unknown facts about the holy lands and their significance to the future of humanity. Therefore, modern religions cannot be based on these holy lands.

Safety and health policy of the Unit operation laboratory Research Paper

Safety and health policy of the Unit operation laboratory - Research Paper Example Such a policy should be clear, easy to understand, guarantee a safe and healthy environment, and should relate to job requirements and responsibilities of any party in an organization. Additionally, it reflects in the way the management prioritizes and focuses on health and safety issues (Health, Safety and Environment Office). Management commitment Safety and health policy It is the core duty of the management to ensure high value of the safety and health of its employees and other stakeholders. This entails the provision of a safe workplace with better health conditions with an aim of preventing injury and illness. Actually, the safety and health policy is an initiative that involves the management, supervisors, and employees of a given organization seeking to curb, identify, and eliminate all safety and health risks that accrue in a working environment. The basis of the safety and health policy is the declaration by the management that the health and safety of all parties is supre me in an organization. ... loyees should take necessary precautionary measures, promote and maintain safety in the workplace, and take requisite actions towards eliminating any safety and health risks. Additionally, the management bears the responsibility of formulating and providing the necessary resources for the communication and implementation of the policy. Moreover, the management establishes a safety committee, trains employees, and supervisors on the provisions of the policy, and ensures unity of purpose in its implementation. At the same time, the management establishes a system for identifying and responding to safety risks and subsequently creates a disciplinary policy to guarantee total compliance to the safety and health principles as enshrined in the policy. Indeed, OSHA states that the commitment to safety and health starts with management. Indeed, it recommends a number of actions to the management to prove commitment to the health and safety policy in an organizatio n. It recommends that the management should clearly state and communicate the objective of the safety and health policy to all parties of a reference organization. The management should equally involve its employees in making decisions that will influence their safety and health in the organization. In addition, OSHA relevantly recommends that the management provide the requisite moral, technical, and financial support relating to the establishment and implementation of the policy. Furthermore, the management should involve, assign, communicate, and authorize respective safety and health responsibilities to all departmental heads and staff. In addition, OSHA recommends that the management should hold all employees accountable for discharging their safety and health responsibili ­ties.

Change Model Essay Example for Free

Change Model Essay The aim of this essay is to critically analyse the background of the Qantas and its decision to launch Jetstar on May 2004 that operated around 800 flights a week across network of 14 destinations within Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Secondly, this essay will evaluate how Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model is used to gather major information and to critically analyse it. Thirdly, this essay will critically evaluate the background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. Fourthly, this essay will also critically analyse the revenue and profit performance of Qantas prior the introduction of Jetstar i.e. 2002. Fifthly, it will continue to critically evaluate the trend in Qantas and Virgin Blue in 2003. Then the sixth paragraph will also critically evaluate the trend in Qantas after the launch of Jetstar. Lastly, the essay will also look into the annual reports of the year 2005-2009 and critically analyse the significant value added by the Jetstar to the Qantas group; and will critically analyse whether the executive decision of Qantas to launch Jetstar in order to retain the 60% domestic aviation market from its competitors has been a strategic success or not. This paragraph will critically analyse the change management information gathered to launch Jetstar low cost airline in May 2004 by using the Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model. Nadler (1977) as cited in Cumming and Worley (2009:122) highlights that the Data Collection Feedback model consists of five phases that are (1) planning to collect data, (2) collecting data, (3) analysing data, (4) feeding back data and (5) following up on the data collected. In planning to Gather information to justify change Nadler (1977) argues that primary methods such as, direct interviews with CEO and key change agents, observing and identifying the need for change and the use of un obstructive measure as sampling technique, force field analysis and scatter diagrams, could be used to gather major information. In contrast Danaher have used various published data to trace the evolution of the Jetstar strategy of its initial position, to its efforts to attain price competitiveness and service parity, followed by its highly focused, cost-effective service delivery strategy. Based on it they have developed a hierarchical model with parameters estimated at the  individual level. This allows us to study not only how service design and pricing initiatives shift the perceived performance of Jetstar relative to its competitors but also how the airline can move market preferences toward areas in which it has competitive advantage. After done with the planning of the collection of data from competitors performance on its revenue, sales profits, passenger numbers and market share in 2002, 2003 and 2004 against Qantas key performance indicators for the same period between 2002, 2003 and 2004 from the Annual Reports of both Virgin Blue and Qantas domestic operations. Nadler (1977), after the data has been collected data they are analysed using the qualitative change data such as directors report, World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit(2004).The reminder of this essay will critically analyse the data collected from secondary sources such as Annual Reports, newspaper articles and journal articles to analysis the data sourced to evaluate what would be the most effective change to be implemented by Qantas in responding to Virgin Blue competition the Australian aviation domestic sectors. This paragraph will evaluate the basic background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. After the deregulation of Australian aviation market there were several airline companies entering the market however the most significant entrance was of low fare airlines Impulse in June and Virgin Blue in August 2000. The arrival of Impulse Airlines and Virgin Blue doubled the number of players and dramatically challenged the stable duopoly of Qantas (after its merger with Australian Airlines) and Ansett, setting off a vicious price war (Traca, D., 2004). However, Impulse facing a major trouble in the cash flow agreed on May 1, 2001 to hand over its operations to its biggest rival, Qantas Airways. As per the deal Impulse stopped its passenger service under its own name on May 14 and leased 21 aircraft as well as cabin crews and pilots to Qantas. The deal led the stock of Qantas heaved by 26% closing at $3.40 per share giving Qantas a significantly stronger position in the Australian market (Gaylord, 2001). Qantas, Australia’s leading domestic and international carries launched a budget airline called Jetstar in May 2004 (Qantas annual report, 2004). With Jetstar Qantas’s aim was to cover the low fare segment of the aviation  industry, which came into existence in the year 2000 with its competitor, Virgin Blue. Virgin had been successfully eating up QANTAS market share by attacking it from below as a no frills provider. In 2001 the collapse of Ansett in domestic market, led Qantas to lease extra flights, add hundreds of special flights in order to help stranded travellers due to Ansett crisis. At the time Qantas flew more than 50,000 former Ansett passengers for free and other 65,000 on heavily discounted fares. Due to this Qantas was able to deliver a profit before tax of $631m and net profit after tax of $428 million at the end of 2002, 30 June, despite of the fact that the world’s aviation market was suffering from â€Å"constant shock syndrome†, due to the September 11 attack followed by bombings in Bali, the war in Iraq and of course the devastating outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Qantas annual report, 2003). The shutdown of Ansett also highly benefitted Virgin Blue, since the event provided a wide opportunity for Virgin Blue to grow rapidly and become Australia’s second leading domestic carrier. In 2000 it started with only one route (Brisbane to Sydney) with two aircrafts and a team of just 200 people. In 2001, with the opportunity to widen its market segment, 14 new routes were launched (virginaustralia – history). The aim of this paragraph is to highlight how Qantas and Virgin Blue became the only two players in the Australian domestic aviation market in 2002. It will also look in to the key financial indicators of both the companies so that a comparison could be drawn out. In 2002 there were only two companies that survived the fare war of 2000-2001. One of them was Qantas that gained 80% of the domestic market share following Ansetts cessation. Whereas, the number of international passenger declined by 11% which makes an average decline of about 25% in global aviation market (Traca, D., 2004). In the same year Qantas domestic carried 1485 million passengers making a RPK of $2034 million and the ASK of $2503 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2002). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2002. As per the financial result the company had $631 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $million, revenue of $ 10,968.8 million and earnings per share of 29.1 cents (Qantas annual report, 2002). The other survivor of the fare war, Virgin Blue managed to emerge as second Australian Domestic carrier, covering of about 20% of the domestic market  (Traca, D., 2004). Due to its strategic low operating cost and soaring market share, it was able to achieve net profit before tax of $34.8 million and revenue of $388.3 million. In this year the airline carried 3.2 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 3169 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 3898 million (Virgin Blue annual report, 2004). In March 2002 Patrick Corporation, the premier port cargo handler, bought 50% of the airline. This change made Godfrey, chief executive of Virgin Blue confident about the enlargeme nt of the domestic operation and also expansion into the international market with service to South Pacific (Traca, D., 2004). This paragraph critically analyses the key financial indicators of the Qantas and the Virgin Blue of the year 2003. It will also highlight how Virgin Blue concentrating only of the leisure domestic market was slowly overcoming the market share of Qantas. In 2003 Qantas domestic carried 1768 million passengers making a RPK of $2262 million and the ASK of $2683 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2003). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2003. As per the financial result the company had $502.3 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $343.5 million, revenue of $11,374.9 million and earnings per share of 20 cents (Qantas annual report 2003). Speaking of announcements, in the Annual General Meeting held on 16th October 2003 it was announced that â€Å"the airline is investigating the establishment of separate domestic low cost airline to service the leisure market in Australia† (Preliminary monthly traffic and capacity statistics, July 2003).In this same year Virgin Blue carried 6.8 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 7194 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 9078 million. Taking advantage of the fact that Virgin Blue had no other competitor serving the price sensitive market of Australia, it earned revenue of $914.6 million, compared to previous year the revenue earned up roared by 135.5% and the number of passengers carried also increased by 107% (Virgin Blue annual report, 2003). This paragraph will critically analyse the launch of Jetstar in May 2004 and the changes that it brought in the key financial indicators of Qantas and as well as of Virgin Blue. Following the announcement made in 2003 Annual  General Meeting Qantas Introduced Jetstar in May 2004. In the first year Jetstar alone carried 273,000 passengers. Prior Jetstar Qantas already had Qantas Domestic and Qantas Link serving domestic passengers. With these three Qantas in total carried 1973 million passengers. Compared to 2003/04 the number increased by 9.4% (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). In the same year Total Domestic (Qantas, Qantas Link and Jetstar) traffic was measured in Revenue Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) of $2451 million while capacity, measured in Available Seat Kilometres (ASKs) increased to $3021 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). On 19 August 2004, Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30 June 2004. In the announcement it was stated that the company had achieved a profit before tax of $964.6 million and a net profit after tax of $648.4 million. Similarly, $11.4 billion of revenue, earning per share of 35.7 cents (Qantas annual report, 2004/05). Despite increasing domestic competition during the year Virgin Blue continued to show strong growth and profitability. During the year Virgin Blue carried over 10million (m) passengers, an increase of 53% compared to previous year. Doubling its passenger number the third time in a row in this same year it welcomed its 20 millionth passenger. Its revenue for the 2004 financial year was $1362.3million which is 49% more than the previous year. In the same year profit before tax was up by 45% to 226.2million and a Net Profit After Tax of 158.5million (Virgin blue annual report, 2004). Till March 31, 2004 Virgin Blue had 44 Boeing Net Generation 737 – 700 737 -800 aircraft out of which 36 were leased and 8 were owned. However, during the year the fleet was increased by 15 aircrafts. Since the day of establishment Virgin Blue was committed to keep its cost base low and they are continuously working through it so that they could consistently provide their customers with low fares travel. Their cost per ASK for the financial year 2004 was 8.16 cents whereas a year before it was 8.48 cents. A decrease of 3.5% put the company on a good front in terms of scale and productivity (Virgin blue annual report 2004). The Australian discount airline Virgin Blue, has won 30% of the market from Qantas, the national carrier, which will introduce a low-fare airline, Jetstar. Fare surcharges are being imposed by both groups as fuel pri ces rise (Shaw, 2004). Jetstars initially offered $48 for Melbourne to Hobart route and from $54 for Sydney to the resorts south of Brisbane. The price was similar  to what the price Virgin Blue was offering at the same period. All Jetstar flights offered one class of travel, with unreserved seating. In contrast Virgin Blue offered assigned seating and baggage connections to final destinations (Henly, 2004). This paragraph critically analyse the key indicators for Qantas and Virgin Blue for launching Jetstar in May 2004. It is very clear with the annual report that Jetstar has been profitable ever since it was launched in the year 2004 (Jetstar Media centre). However, the road wasn’t quiet smooth in the initial years. From its launch Jetstar was exclusively using a â€Å"low price† message in its communication, but it was lagging way behind Virgin Blue in terms of quality. The Jetstar overall quality disadvantage was greater at 22.3% (6.02 versus 7.75) (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Jetstar was already appealing on the price front, and then it addressed its deficit in quality and tackled that by focusing on some specific sub attributes (not disclosed by the company) that provided Jetstar a good opportunity to overcome the point of difference with Virgin Blue. Then the price perception of Jetstar relative to Virgin Blue dramatically improved from 6.9% deficit in March 2008 to 2.5% deficit in only 3months i.e. 7.42 versus 7.62 (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Since the establishment the main concern as a parent company for Qantas Group was that whether Jetstar would financially be profitable in its own right. Hence, it did by earning revenue of $1.020 billion, $1.414 billion, and $1.605 billion in the year 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively. It was 7%, 10%, 12% of Qantas group revenue respectively (Qantas annual report, 2009). Similarly, in the same order the profit earned was $79 million, $104 million and $118 million (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Table 2). Similarly, speaking of market share of Jetstar, it has increased by 29% from the year 2008-2009. Earlier with the perceived mediocre price competitiveness and low quality it was in a poor position as compared to Virgin Blue, whereas, with the necessary remedies taken within the 1st quarter of 2008 it was in position almost equal to Virgin Blue in terms of covering the large proportion of the target market. Jetstar Market Share of Domestic Australian Leisure Air Travel was 14% in the first quarter of 2008, with the changes made the market share increased to 14.6% and it gradually kept on increasing and it had 18.1% of market share in March 2009. Further, with the increase in profit it improved its perceptual position, whereas,  Virgin Blue has remained relativ ely stationary. In conclusion if we are to pay close attention to the domestic growth strategies of the country’s largest airline company; Qantas, its decision of launching Jetstar seems be a successful strategic decision. It was matter of concern that the Virgin Blue an airline company focusing on the price sensitive market would whether survive the competition with 82 year old veteran airline company. However, with its striking approach of low fare Virgin Blue today covers 35% market share of the domestic aviation sector. By critically evaluating the financial indicators of both companies for the year 2002-2004 and also following the series of events, it becomes quiet clear that though Virgin Blue had started small it managed to cover 20% of the target market in 2002. In further years concentrating only in the no frill travel it was able to hold the 30% of the market share, which became a matter of concern for Qantas because though it was making more profits then Virgin Blue it was losing it domestic market grip, therefore, led to the launch of Jetstar. However, even after the Launch of Jetstar Qantas performance was not like it was expected because in the year 2004 Qantas domestically carried only 2061 million passengers which were only 88 million more than the last year. However, with the necessary major changes (not disclosed by the company) Jetstar alone was able to regain the market share of 18.1% by March 2009. REFERENCE LIST Gaylord, B. (2001). Qantas to Absorb Competitor As Fare War Takes a Victim. The New York Times; Business Day. 11Shaw, J. (2004). World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit. The New York Times; Business Day. Henly, G, S. (2004). Travel Advisory; New Offshot of Qantas Offers Lower Fares. The New York Times; Travel Danaher. J. P., Roberts. H. J., Roberts. K., Simpson. A. (2011). Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science, 30(4), 586 – 594. Doi: 10.1287/mksc.1100.0619 Traca. D., (2004). Virgin Blue Fighting With National Champion. INSEAD, 5179. Traffic and Capacity Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors-traffic-statistics/global/en Jetstar Media Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/facts-and-stats/jetstar-group Nadler, D. (1977). cited in Cumming and Worley (2009). Organization development change, 9th edition, South- Western Cengage Learning. Qantas annual report (2002). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2002AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2003). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2003AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2004AnnualReport.pdf Virgin Blue annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/@wc/documents/webcontent/~edisp/annual-rpt-2004-a3.pdf

Ideology in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil Essay

Ideology in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil Bennett and Royle in their textbook, Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory, define ideology as representing â€Å"†¦ ‘the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence’† (161). The ideology of self, of personal identity, is represented by a person’s perception of what is acceptable in their society. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, The Minister’s Black Veil, the minister appears before his community with a black veil covering his face. He gives no explanation for this apparel and the community becomes agitated that their minister refuses to remove it. The readers challenge is to discover why the minister wears the veil and why he won’t take it off. Hawthorne challenges the readers ideology of self with his choice of words, by showing how ideology is redefined by each subject, and by using as his form the technique of the parable. The parishioners expectations are shattered by the appearance of their beloved minister wearing a black veil over his face. Children, with bright faces, tripped merrily beside their parents, or mimicked in graver gait, in the conscious dignity of their Sunday clothes. Spruce bachelors looked sidelong at the pretty maidens, and fancied that the Sabbath sunshine made them prettier than on weekdays (Hawthorne 1) These expectations are portrayed by the way the story begins. Hawthorne uses words that suggest happiness; â€Å"bright† â€Å"merrily† â€Å"pretty† â€Å"fancied† and â€Å"sunshine†. But this ‘happiness’ vanishes with the appearance of the minister. The expectations of what is socially acceptable are challenged by the appearance of the black veil. â€Å"But what has good Parson Hooper got upon his face?† c... ...o understand the parable. A parable is used to explain something that is unexplainable and cannot be explained if the reader does not understand it. The reader is in constant danger throughout the reading of having his ideology of self shattered by the very real possibility that he won’t ‘get it’. The entire story is as obscure and shaky as ideology itself. Hawthorne’s choice of words throughout the story set up the reader for a continual bombardment of his/her ideology of self and societal expectations. Works Cited Bennett, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory. 2nd Edition. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. Crown College. Accessed 27 Aug 2003. http://www.crown.edu/humanities/ratledgw/ENG%20132/stories/ veilhawt.htm> Miriam Webster Dictionary. Accessed 27 Aug 2003.

Buisiness law

What must a plaintiff, in a negligence case, prove and establish in order to recover? What are some of the common defenses available to defendants in negligence suits? Provide an example of a negligence case with one of the common defenses. Negligence is a mode of committing certain torts like negligently or carelessly committing trespass, nuisance or defamation. It can be defined as the conduct which creates a risk of causing damage, rather than a state of mind. In an action for negligence and recover the plaintiff has to prove the following essentials.That the defendant owed duty of care to the plaintiff 2. The defendant made a breach of that duty . Plaintiff suffered damage as a consequence thereof. But it is to be remembered that the burden of proof of negligence always lies on the plaintiff. (Res Ipsa Loquitur) The defendants can plead defenses to reduce or eliminate his liability. Such defenses are contributory negligence, comparative negligence, and assumption of risk. In cont ributory negligence the negligence of the plaintiff is also contributing cause of her injury and is barred from recovering from a negligent defendant.In Harris Vs Toronto Transit Commission (1968) the Supreme Court Canada held that if a boy sitting in a bus projected his arm outside the bus in spite of warning and is injured, he is guilty of contributory negligence. A comparative negligence is a type of partial defense in which there is a reduce in the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to cause the damages.The assumption of risk denotes that the plaintiff himself knew that his activity was dangerous and thus bears all responsibility for any injury that resulted. ************************************************ References 1. Elliott, Catherine and Quinn, Frances Tort Law publ. by Longman; 5 editions ISBN-13: 978-1405807111, 2005 2. Miller, LeRoy, Roger and Jentz, Gaylord Business Law Today: The Essentials, Publisher: South-Western College/West; 8th edition, ISBN-13: 978-0324654547, September 26, 2007,

Transport of Solute in Solvent through Osmosis Essay

Objective: The objective is to simulate passive transport: diffusion of solutes and osmosis of water through a semipermeable membrane (dialysis tubing). The experiment will show how molecules in solution move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration in the attempt to reach homeostasis in different circumstances. Introduction: The main purpose of this lab was to observe diffusion and osmosis. This is demonstrated using dialysis tubing and a combination of monosaccharaides, disaccharides, water (H20), and sodium chlorine (NaCl), also known as table salt. We then calculated the percent change of mass over a period of time. Due to kinetic energy, cells tend to bump into one another; this is the result of the process called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. In this lab, diffusion causes a physical change of our cells (mass). Osmosis is a type of diffusion that involves water. Osmosis occurs when water moves through a semi-permeable membrane. The water moves from a place of higher water concentration to a place of lower water concentration. Water potential measures free energy of water in any solution. A solution is a liquid mixture of two or more components. This mixture consists of a minor component (the solute) which is c onsistently distributed within a major component (the solvent). Water potential consists of 2 parts: osmotic potential and pressure potential. Osmotic potential pertains to the water molecules that move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution (changing the concentration gradient), while pressure potential pertains to the exertion of pressure the cell is under. The pressure is caused by the height of water exposed to the atmosphere above the artificial cell. The concentration gradient is generally the difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution. This occurs between a region of high density and lower density. Water potential of distilled water in  atmospheric pressure is 0, because the osmotic and pressure potentials are 0. For example, in plant cells, osmotic potential is lowered because more of its solute is being dissolved in the cytoplasm. When placed in pure water, the cells of the plant are hypertonic. This means the plant cells have more osmo tic concentration. The water potential within the beaker is higher making it hypotonic, meaning it has a lower osmotic pressure. Therefore the water will move into the cell because water moves from hypotonic environments to hypertonic environments. This results in a swelling cell. On the contrary, if solute is added to the beaker, the water potential in the cell will be greater, resulting in a hypotonic cell. Therefore water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrivel. This is relative to this lab. However, not all solutions are like this. Solutions that have reached the state of equilibrium are isotonic. This means that both solute and solvent have the same osmotic pressure. The rates of the reaction are determined by the molecular size of the particles. If the particles or smaller, they diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane much faster than particles larger than the semi-permeable membrane. This is because the smaller particles have less of a resistance to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. If the particle is larger it is going to take a much longer time for the particle to push its way through the membrane. Materials: Dialysis tubing Scissors Small funnel Graduated cylinder Paper towel Digital scale 400mL beaker 250mL beaker 1 mL pipette Test tube Hot plate Weigh boats Pipette Pipetter Methods: 1) Obtain ten 40 centimeter strips of dialysis tubing and soaked them in water. This will moisten the dialysis tubing to a rubbery texture that is easier to maneuver and work with. Tie off one end of the tubing 2cm from the end to form a bag. Finally to open the other end of the bag, we rubbed the closed, untied end between our fingers until the edges separated. 2) Measure 25mL of the applicable solution needed for the dialysis cell. This should be done with a 25mL graduated cylinder. Measuring with a 25mL graduated cylinder insures that no errors be made. To properly measure 25mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 25mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Once the solution has been measured, using a small funnel, pour the solution into the dialysis bag by inserting the tip of the funnel into the open end. Finally make a note of what the cell is containing; it is very easy to get them mixed up. A source of error that is unwanted. 3) Tie the open end of the dialysis bag 2cm from the end of the bag. 4) Rinse the dialysis cell thoroughly under water to guarantee any foreign substance that may have touched the dialysis cell is rinsed off and gently blot the dialysis cell with paper towel. The dialysis cells must be completely dry so when the cell is being weighed, the digital scale will not be weighing water weight on the cell as well. Using a weigh boat, measure the cells mass. The weigh boat is used for the purpose to avoid cross contamination between the cell and scale. To insure that the cell is the only thing being weighed, place the weigh boat on the scale and press clear. This will set the scale to 0 with the weigh boat still on it. Place the cell on the weigh boat and record the total weight of the cell. Your data should be weighed in grams (g). Before submerging your cell in its beaker with solution correlated on Table #1, the dialysis cell must be weighed. This will give us an idea of what the cell begins at and in what way diffusion and osmosis affects the dialysis cell . The cell must be weighed every 30 minutes in a time period of 90 minutes. The dialysis cell should be weighed four times. 5) Submerge each prepared dialysis cell in a 400mL beaker with 150 mL’s solution correlating to Table #1. These solutions must be measured using a 100 mL graduated  cylinder. Measuring with a 100mL graduated cylinder ensures that no errors be made. To properly measure 100mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 100mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Because 150mL of the solution is needed, two separate measurements must be made. An entire measurement from the 100mL graduated cylinder and a half should be measured. Record the time the dialysis cell is submerged in the solution; this will insure an accurate timing at which the dialysis cell must be weighed. Label each dialysis cell and solution filled beaker. This will provide knowledge as to which solution is contained in each beaker and avoid any error from being made. 6) In 30 minute intervals for 90 minutes, the cells must be removed from each beaker and blotted try with clean paper towel to be weighed. Record each measurement every time the cell is being weighed. Do not rinse the cell under water again; this may compromise the cell and solution within the beaker. 7) At the conclusive part of the cell (last time weighing the cell) remove the cell from the solution filled beaker, and blot it dry. Proceed to using scissors to cut the cell, and pour the remaining content into a 250mL beaker. Label each beaker as to which it is containing. 8) Using 3 clean test tubes perform a chloride (Cl-) test, a glucose test and a sucrose/lactose test. Obtain 2mL of each solution from each beaker. This is done using a pipette and pipette. Place the tip of the pipette in the solution of the beaker, and the pipetter is placed at the other end of the pipette. The pippetter sucks the solution into the pipette, this is a better method then using ones mouth to suck up the solution because it is more accurate and safer. Using a hot plate and a beaker filled with water, place each finished test tube into the beaker. The water contained in the beaker must be boiling before each test tube is placed within it. Using this method, the solutions reaction will occur at a much faster rate. This applies to each test. In the (Cl-) test, 2 drops silver nitrate(AgNo3) are added to each 2mL solution that has been measured and placed into a test tube from the obtained material from the cell. This test measures for the salt content in the solution. In th e glucose test, Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio of Benedict’s test to solution. These tests for the glucose in each solution. Finally the sucrose/lactose test uses the same content as the glucose test. Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio  of Benedict’s test to solution. This test measures for reducing sugars. The indicator for each test is color. When there is a color change to the solution that means the test has tested positive. 9) At the end of the lab, all observations should have been recorded in your notebook. Results: The data shows (Graph #1 and Graph #2) that in each case, the dialysis bag slight increases or decreases in mass over a period of 90 minutes. The increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell is solely based upon the concentration gradient within the dialysis cell and its environment as to which it is placed in. In each graph, it displays which dialysis cells have increased or decreased in mass. For each cell that has increased in mass, (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1), diffusion and osmosis has occurred into the cell. As a result the cell has swollen because water has moved into the cell. Dialysis cells that have decreased in mass, (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, and F2), have had the opposite reaction occur. Diffusion and osmosis has moved water out of the cell, causing a decrease in mass. This is due to the dialysis cell containing a hypotonic solution as its environment at which it was submerged is hypertonic. This then causes the cell to shrink in mass. Due to the different data shown in G raph #1 and Graph #2, we know that the cells and environments contained different concentration gradients because not all data is the same. This means that no dialysis cells or environments have reached equilibrium and have become isotonic. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to observe the physical mechanisms of osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles. The particles move from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The diffusion of water moves into or out of a selectively permeable membrane, this process is called osmosis. Because of the selectively permeable membrane, nothing but water and other very small particles are able to diffuse. The dialysis tubing is similar to the function of the cell membrane. As a result the dialysis cell loses water and also gains because of osmosis due to the transport of water. This occurs when the dialysis cell is placed in an environment in which water concentration is greater than  that of the cell. The dialysis cell gains water when placed in and environment in which the concentration is lower. This concept describes how molar concentration (the number of moles in a solute per liter of solution) affects diffusion. The perception of solutions diffusing has been observed in different situations. Diffusion always moves from a high concentration to a low concentration, this is affected by molar concentration. As the molecular mass decreases, more solution is diffused. This hypothesis was made due to the knowledge of molecules diffusing down a concentration gradient. As a result, the mass of the dialysis tubes have increased, as the molarity of a solution increases, the percent of change in mass will increase as well. This affect occurred in cells (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1). As the molarity of a solution decreased in other dialysis tubes, the mass of the dialysis tubes have decreased and percent change in mass has decreased as well. The amount of increase and decrease of diffusion is based on the molecule size. This occurred in cells (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, F2). As molecular size increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. This is because it has a greater resistance going through the medium of the membrane. When molecular size de creases, then rate of diffusion increases because the molecule has less of a resistance to go through the dialysis cells semi-membrane. Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Ms. Huggins for preparing each of the solutions for the class as well as the class for preparing portions of the lab as a group effort. Without having any group effort within the class, the lab would have taken more time then what would have been given. I would also like to thank the class for contributing in providing portions of the lab data, without this data we would have not been able to properly provide right information need for the lab. References: Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. 2002. Biology, 8th ed. Benjamin Cummings. Pp. 131-134 for osmosis. Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, and James Darnell. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Chapter 2. Separate from Biology in the Laboratory 3e, Doris R. Helms, Carl W Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, John C. Cummings; W.H. Freeman, Dec 15, 1997 Data: Table #1: Experimental protocol to follow for tests of osmosis and diffusion. Summary: This table shows us what solution is contained within the dialysis cell or its environment contained in a beaker. This chart also tells us what test has to be conducted upon the beaker and the cell solution after the 30 minute intervals made in a period of 90 minutes. When the cell has finished diffusing after a period of 90 minutes, then these tests can be conducted. Solution in beaker Solution in cell Test solution in beaker for*†¦ Test solution in cell for*†¦ A1 H2O NaCl Cl- Cl- A2 NaCl H2O Cl- Cl- B1 H2O glucose glucose glucose B2 glucose H2O glucose glucose C1 H2O sucrose/lactose lactose lactose C2 sucrose/lactose H2O lactose lactose D1 NaCl glucose glucose Cl- D2 glucose NaCl Cl- glucose E1 NaCl sucrose/lactose lactose Cl- E2 sucrose/lactose NaCl Cl- lactose F1 glucose sucrose/lactose none none F2 sucrose/lactose glucose none none Table #3: Example showing molecular mass of particles Summary: This table is to shows the molecular mass of the particles used in the lab. This will help understand why some solutions diffuse faster than others. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Name of Solution Formula for Solution Moelcular Mass of Solution (g) Water H2O 18g/ mol Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.5g/ mol Glucose C6H12O6 180g/ mol Sucrose/ Lactose C12H22O11 684g/ mol Lactose C12H22O11 342g/ mol Table #2: Weight produced over time by different cells submerged in different solutions Summary: This table displays an increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes. This helps us to understand the concentration gradients of the cell or environment of the cell due to its reaction. The cells that increases in size, we now know that the cell was hypertonic placed in a hypotonic solution because in order to reach equilibrium the amount of particles within the cell must be the same. Because they have not reached equilibrium this results in the movement of molecules moving from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution through a selectively permeable membrane (dialysis tubing), this is called osmosis. In order for the particles to move across the membrane diffusion must occur for the movement from high osmotic concentration to lower osmotic concentration to occur. The cells that decrease in mass are hypotonic place in a hypertonic solution. We know that because osmosis and diffusion has occurred, allowing the solution and pa rticles to move out of the cell into the cells environment. Once the cell is finished being weighed in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes, a silver nitrate (AgNO3) test (test for salts present in the solution), glucose test a sucrose/ lactose test (tests for reducing sugars) are conducted. The column in green represents whether the solutions tested positive or negative for the substances. Change in Mass (g) Time (min) A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2 0 26.42 25.99 27.69 26.65 28.65 26.32 27.36 26.74 28.78 26.75 27.80 27.96 30 27.24 25.41 31.84 21.71 34.89 21.32 30.38 23.41 34.33 20.00 29.85 25.91 60 27.33 24.94 33.80 19.44 40.21 18.37 31.33 21.55 38.21 16.83 31.42 24.00 90 27.12 24.70 34.95 18.83 44.15 15.93 33.47 20.18 41.23 14.50 33.42 21.87 Test (+/-) positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + Graph #1: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells A to C. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, some of the differences were much greater or lower than others. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Graph #2: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells D to F. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, this tells us that some of the concentration differences were much greater or lower than other. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Sources of Error: Forgetting to rinse our dialysis bags with water before weighing our cell will cause cross contamination to occur thus changing the composition of the solution that the cell has been submerged in as well as affecting the rate of diffusion and osmosis due to the dialysis tubing pores having already been compromised.

History of the Integrated Circuit (Microchip)

History of the Integrated Circuit (Microchip) It seems that the integrated circuit was destined to be invented. Two separate inventors, unaware of each others activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits or ICs at nearly the same time. Jack Kilby, an engineer with a background in ceramic-based silk screen circuit boards and transistor-based hearing aids, started working for  Texas Instruments  in 1958. A year earlier, research engineer  Robert Noyce  had co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. From 1958 to 1959, both electrical engineers were working on an answer to the same dilemma: how to make more of less. What we didnt realize then was that the integrated circuit would reduce the cost of electronic functions by a factor of a million to one, nothing had ever done that for anything before - Jack Kilby Why the Integrated Circuit Was Needed In designing a complex electronic machine like a computer it was always necessary to increase the number of components involved in order to make technical advances. The monolithic (formed from a single crystal) integrated circuit placed the previously separated transistors, resistors, capacitors and all the connecting wiring onto a single crystal (or chip) made of semiconductor material. Kilby used germanium and Noyce used silicon for the semiconductor material. Patents for the Integrated Circuit In 1959 both parties applied for patents. Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments received U.S. patent #3,138,743 for miniaturized electronic circuits. Robert Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation received U.S. patent #2,981,877 for a silicon-based integrated circuit. The two companies wisely decided to cross-license their technologies after several years of legal battles, creating a global market now worth about $1 trillion a year. Commercial Release In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. All computers then started to be made using chips instead of the individual transistors and their accompanying parts. Texas Instruments first used the chips in Air Force computers and the Minuteman Missile in 1962. They later used the chips to produce the first electronic portable calculators. The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors, and one capacitor and was the size of an adults pinkie finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors. Jack Kilby holds patents on over sixty inventions and is also well known as the inventor of the portable calculator (1967). In 1970 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Robert Noyce, with sixteen patents to his name, founded Intel, the company responsible for the invention of the microprocessor, in 1968. But for both men, the invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology.

An explanation of various marketing terms

An explanation of various marketing terms is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customers without using marketing middlemen.†Direct Marketing† is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customers without using marketing middlemen. Direct marketing implies marketing to the consumers directly without secondary media such as TV commercials. Direct Marketing includes the distribution of fliers, displaying signs such as â€Å"weekly specials† inside the store. It is used to target customers who cannot resist a good deal or bargain. Some Direct marketers use their customer database to contact them for special offers. They tailor their marketing offers and communications to the needs of individual buyers. Direct Marketing is generally used by small to medium size companies that do not have the budget for expensive commercial. There are many forms of direct marketing. The major types are as follows: Direct mail – the adverti ser contact prospective customers by sending some form of advertisement through the mail. Music and book clubs, magazine clearing house, and credit card companies make use of direct mail. Catalogue marketing – companies mail catalogues to consumers and to businesses or make them available at retail stores, and consumers make their purchase from the catalogues. For example, Sears and Canadian Tire’s catalogue shopping. Catalogue retailers appear well suited to operating on the internet as they has the systems and distribution experience required for such an undertaking. Telemarketing – using the telephone and call centers to sell directly to prospects and existing consumers. Companies use call centers for Inbound (receiving calls from customers) and outbound (initiating calls to prospects and customers) telemarketing. Direct marketing has been a major growth area in retailing. Its advantages related particularly to its ability to direct the marketing effort to th ose consumers who are most likely to respond positively. It also offers products and services in a way that is most convenient for the consumer. 2. _____ consist(s) of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. â€Å"Sales promotions† consist of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Sales promotion as tools and techniques used to stimulate demand, encourage purchase or sales of a product or services, reward royal customers and attract switchers from competitors,. Advertising provides information on a product or promote a brand. Sale promotion offers reasons to buy now. Here are a few examples of sales promotions: Coupons delivered in the newspaper offering discount on your favourite coffee. An e-mail from Amazon.ca offers free shippi ng on your next purchase over $35. Sales promotion uses different mix of promotional tools designed to stimulate customers to buy a product. There are two categories of sales promotion tools: The consumer promotions tools – aimed at consumers directly such as; price discount or same price for the twice the amount of the product, discount coupons, cash refund from the manufacturer, patronage rewards such as doubling the amount of air miles, sweepstakes such as possible chance to win a trip to Disneyland and free gift, getting something from the purchase.

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics - Essay Example The main setting of this paper is to highlight the impact of globalization on the current economic environment, with specific focus on the logistics and transport sectors. Nonetheless, the paper bases its argument on the fact that the process of globalization is undoubtedly transforming the logistical strategies employed by service and products providers. Globalization combines various actions and trends, which makes the impact of this process not only complex but also revolutionary. According to the discussion findings the subsequent shift to the global business is driven by the desire to access lower labour costs, despite the exposures such as regulatory shifts and high transportation costs subjected to the organizations. With the onset of global business, revolution, many organizations sell to more consumers in wider geographic locations, hence raising the complexity of the processes required to satisfy each market segment. The wider global customer base presents a myriad of challenges for companies that are accustomed to the provision of standard logistic solutions to a smaller regional-based market. In the global field, nonetheless, customers demand not only for the high and perfect reliability of the delivery but also the customization and subsequent solutions to their problems. The above demands explain the complexities that obligate the organizations to adopt diverse and modern logistical solutions that would enable them to retain the customer base.

Analysis of The American People by Nash, Gary B Article

Analysis of The American People by Nash, Gary B - Article Example Though the natives often outnumbered them, they had superior weaponry and tactics and overtook the empires in search of precious metals. Anne Hutchinson was a female who confronted the Puritan leadership in the 1630s on issues that were theologically based. Her presence polarized the population and she was banished and excommunicated in 1637 by the male Puritan leaders (92). She settled in Rhode Island where her followers continued the split in the church that she had started. The Puritans were a religious group that believed the Church of England was tainted by the Roman church and wished to 'purify' it by ridding it of all traces of Catholicism. In addition to being religious reformers, they also rejected the social changes that were sweeping over England at the time and found religion to be a way to confront them (89). During the 1630s, the Puritans believed that they had the destiny to be the rulers of the New World and should conquer and civilize the native savages. They were spurred on by epidemics of smallpox that they interpreted as God's will. Pressured for more land, they sought to rule over the natives leading to the Piquet War of 1637 against the Piquet Indians. This victory gave the Puritans a solid foothold and assured the future of British domination (94). The immigrants to the Chesapeake Bay faced a difficult time upon their arrival.

Extremely Fat and Barely Digesting Junk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Extremely Fat and Barely Digesting Junk - Essay Example   Healthy food is cheaper for consumers, therefore more money remains in savings, living standard increases, healthy way of life can be (and should be) example for the further generation, it means much healthier and tough people. All people know that with a bad fuel car will drive for two or three meters then it will be broken. So the people are, people’s fuel is food and bad food can cause problems with proper digesting since the organism is the system of systems, malfunction of one will ruin others. Proved fact that abusive eating of fast food results in problems with health decreases savings, cultivates the improper way of life and disregards of healthy food. Failure of digesting system (diabetes or obesity) results in the problems with locomotor and endocrine systems and it can lead to fatal outcome. Healthy food provides enough energy for the proper functioning of the organism and human body remains healthy. Spreading of fast food concept can critically affect the society. Increasing of fast food institution taxation will not have the result, such institution will raise costs for favorite American food and they buy it even for enormous prices, it will make people from the low-income class feel the last hold slipping away. One should use other methods of impact; however, such methods will not be discussed in the present paper. The rate of people suffering from obesity and diabetes is constantly sky-rocketing. Understanding of what is healthy, and what is not will help people to fight killing diseases. It needs fundamental changes, and not only in the government, more importantly, to change the mentality. Society should eradicate the concept of eating-on-the-run. The most precious thing in human’s life is health; nothing in the world will help to return health. And junk food is strong means to deprive the health.  

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal Introduction â€Å"Our society has decided that man is a creature born of free will. At the same time, our system recognises that attitudes may be influenced by environmental factors.† (Taylor, 1984: 9) Adults who engage in criminal conduct are seen as having values which are distorted by adverse environmental conditions. â€Å"Guilt then is premised upon the concept that everyone who commits an act does so out of an exercise of free will. A person is fully capable of not committing the act, should he or she so desire.† (Taylor, 1984: 10) This approach is referred to as the ‘classicist approach’. Classicists have achieved near-total victory in the recent years resulting in our criminal justice system being founded upon the concept that criminal behaviour is the complete result of environmental influences, that it is nurture that shapes conduct. This has caused our social institutions to attempt to correct deviant behaviour through modification to environmental influences through prison and rehabilitation programmes. The number of offences recorded by the police in the UK between June 2012 and June 2013 is 3.7 million (Office for National Statistics, 2013). It needs to be questioned whether this crime level is the result of a troubled society or the result of a breakdown in the criminal justice system? Recidivism is still occurring with more than one in four criminals reoffending within a year of release (Ministry of Justice, 2013). A possible reason for this could be that the whole premise on which we base our criminal justice is defective. If this classicist premise is wrong then it is no wonder that recidivism is continuing to happen and that as a society we are failing to eradicate crime. If the actual cause of crime is identified then there is the potential of eliminating crime, easing pain, and instilling common trust and security. Stephen Mobley had all the attributes of a natural born killer. At the age of 25, he walked into a pizza store and shot the manager in the neck after robbing the till. Nobody could blame his upbringing – he came from a white, middle-class American family and had not been abused as a child. In 1995 he was waiting on death row in Georgia to hear whether his appointment with the electric chair was confirmed. His lawyer tried to plea that his murder was not the evil result of free will but the tragic consequence of a genetic predisposition. His aunt, a witness for the defence, testified that various members of their family over the past four generations have been very violent, aggressive and criminal. She told the court how the Mobley family had had murder, rape, robbery, and suicide. His lawyer therefore argued that there is no legal defence to Mobley’s crime. Mobley’s family history is an obvious mitigating factor and his actions may not have been a product totally of free will (Connor, 1995). To date, there has been little agreement that a person’s biology has an influence on crime. Early biological theorists such as Lombroso have been widely discredited mainly on the basis of a flawed methodology however the recent and more contemporary biological explanations of crime have been shown to more credible. This dissertation will explore contemporary biological ideas on crime – the role of genetics. What if there are people that are genetically predisposed to commit crimes? Should they be held to account for their actions that may have been completely beyond their control? In light of the apparent failures of our current criminal justice system, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the real causes of crime. Can we afford to ignore the possibility that criminal behaviour could be due to genetics? There is also the issue of how society should deal with the offender whose crime was genetically influenced? Society has decided that no individual should be held accountable for acts performed when he or she is mentally incapacitated. We have the defence of insanity when people who have a ‘disease of the mind’ commit crimes. It needs to be considered whether genetic aberration should be considered in mitigation of, or as a defence to, a criminal charge. Some would say that to accept the notion that criminals are born rather than made would be opening a gateway to a moral minefield causing other factors including society, unemployment, and upbringing to be ignored (Connor, 1995). General Research Aim It is the purpose of this dissertation to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through way of literature analysis. I will briefly explore early biological theories such as those of Lombroso and his idea of a ‘criminal man’, moving on to discuss contemporary biological ideas the influence of a person’s genetics on criminal behaviour. The research will explore the effectiveness of punishment and how biological ideas may have influenced punishment by placing emphasis on the treatment of offenders. Finally, the ethical implications surrounding the treatment model will be considered. Aims and Objectives In order to successfully answer my research aim, a number of sub-questions must be considered: How does society view crime? This dissertation begins by explaining why further research into the topic is essential. The main body of this dissertation will be introduced with a discussion of how our society currently views crime – is it a product of a person’s biological influences, environmental influences, or a combination of the two? What is biological positivism? In order to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society, I must first clarify what biological positivism actually is. I will explore early biological theories leading on to a discussion of contemporary biological ideas. Relevant case studies will be looked at to inspect the usefulness of these present day theories in explaining crime and criminal behaviour. How has biological positivism affected punishment? The dissertation will then move on to assess how these theories, previously discussed, have affected punishment. In order to do this I will first look to why we punish and what forms of punishment are currently used in the UK. Using reoffending statistics I will critically analyse the effectiveness of these current forms of punishment, leading on to a discussion about an alternative to punishment suggested by biological positivists: The role of treatment. Is the treatment model effective? The effectiveness of the treatment model will then be evaluated. Consequently, emphasis on treatment over punishment carries huge ethical implications. These ethical implications will be discussed with an in depth exploration on the incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998. Are there any proposals for change to the current criminal justice system which suggests a move towards the treatment of offenders? Finally, any proposals for change in the criminal justice system put forward by the Government will be discussed if they are of relevance to key points highlighted in this dissertation. Suggestions for future changes in the criminal justice system made by biological theorists will also be argued. Conclusion Despite the in-depth research there is still much debate on the true causes of crime. The central importance of identifying the causes of crime has been discussed through this dissertation. With both crime rates, and reoffending rates, being considerably high (Office for National Statistics, 2013 ; Ministry of Justice, 2013) it is vital that the causes of crime are identified, and individuals are therefore dealt with accordingly, in order for these figures to decrease. After researching into biological positivism, the use of biological theories in the current criminal justice system are identifiably lacking with more emphasis on environmental factors being seen as the causes of crime. A biosocial, multi-factor, approach has been formed over the recent years incorporating environmental, social, and biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009) nevertheless there seems to be an ignorance of biological factors. The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through an analysis of existing literature. The main focus of the research was to identify contemporary biological ideas, and then examine how they influenced punishment in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Theses influences were then analysed in terms of effectiveness, with ethical issues later being questioned. Biological positivism is relevant in today’s society. The research does not suggest that biological factors are the sole cause of criminal behaviour for every individual offender, but that it can have an influence on an individual’s susceptibility to commit a crime (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Environmental and social factors also later contribute to shape the offender. Early biological theories stemmed from the work of Lombroso. Although his work is largely discredited, he laid the foundation on which much more plausible explanations could be formed. Research into contemporary biological explanations, including twins studies and hormones, has led to the conclusion that criminality in a minority of offenders is solely caused by biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009). Although these more contemporary biological ideas have been shown to be credible, this credibility does not seem to be reflected in the current criminal justice system. Biological positivists have favoured treatment over punishment as way of dealing with offenders (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). This dissertation has recognised that emphasis is currently placed on punishment, and primarily, imprisonment. There have been many attempts over the years to adopt a treatment approach however, due to both financial and time-related restrictions, these attempts have been limited considerably. This limitation implies that sex offences are the only offences seen as a result of a biological defect in the offender. The rationale behind treatment being offered only to sex offenders however, is quite noticeably the result of some other reason: sex offenders are the most despised group of offenders, even among other offenders and therefore there is an increased pressure on the criminal justice system to ensure that these offenders do not re-offend. Specialised treatment techniques such as chemical castration have therefore been developed to deal with them (Miller, 1998). An implication of these findings, that a person’s biology does have an effect on their susceptibility to commit crime, is that biological defects should be taken into account for all offenders and in turn, treatment should be offered to every individual offender despite costs. Although prison is used most commonly to punish offenders, and is arguably cheaper than treatment, long term costs are substantial. This suggests that it is more beneficial for the criminal justice system to invest in something that works to rehabilitate the offender and prevent them from reoffending, than to incarcerate them preventing them from offending only on a short term basis. It is important that the cause of crime in each individual offender is identified and then dealt with accordingly. There have been numerous analyses of the treatment model in terms of ethical issues however authors of these analyses have either concluded that treatment violates all of the offenders fundamental rights, or none of them (Miller, 1998). The analysis of these ethical issues through this dissertation has led to the conclusion that the current forms of treatment, offered on a voluntary basis, are not in breach of offenders’ rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. There is an underlying issue of discrimination however, under article 14 ECHR, as it can be argued that treatment offered only to sex offenders is discriminating it is discriminating for sex offenders, and also discriminating for those offenders that are not offered treatment. By offering treatment to all offenders it will ensure that any biological influences to crime in offenders can be addressed, and then treated. It has been earlier identified that not all offenders have a biological predisposition, but for those offenders that do, it may rehabilitate the individual and prevent reoffending. In response to this, article 14 ECHR and the prohibition of discrimination may not be as much of a concern. To offer treatment to all offenders would be a step towards removing this cause of discrimination. Other ethical issues surrounding treatment, including informed and valid consent, and off-label drugs, have also been addressed in this dissertation, and have been seen to be justified. Recommendations It has been identified that research into twin studies, in particular monozygotic twins, is the most credible in terms of ascertaining the influence of genetics on criminal behaviour. It is therefore recommended that if it were possible to locate a representative sample of monozygotic twins who satisfied experimental conditions, being separated at birth and growing up in different environments, then the true extent of how much influence our genes have on criminal behaviour can be determined. The criminal justice system must recognise that other offences, not only sex offences, can be the result of a genetic defect and consequently treatment should be offered to all offenders. Treatment given should be appropriate for the offender, and offered on a voluntary basis in order to avoid potential ethical issues. To ensure consent is free, informed and valid, offenders should be assessed to ensure they have the mental capacity to give consent, and to ensure they are aware of all risks involved. Although long term effects are unknown, as long as the offender is aware of the uncertainty then informed consent is not an issue. Drugs should also be licensed for the purpose of treating offenders. More rigorous testing is needed using double-blind randomised trials along with full medical tests prior to, during and after treatment (Harrison, 2008). Genetic aberrations should be considered as a mitigating factor with consideration given to biological influences on the offender when sentencing.